Data and statistics. South Sudan). Midwifery education is in a transitional period with three programmes identified. 2014; Wood et al. The role of community midwives includes making initial appointments with pregnant women, managing clinics, undertaking postnatal care in the home and attending home births. 2014; Miyake 2015a). A ‘community midwife’ was defined by SBA functions and service location rather than title, as different names are used for this cadre. Additionally, six stakeholders contributed (i.e. No definition of community practice or pathway was identified in nursing, although midwifery was clearly defined. All approved the final version submitted. The community midwife programme began in 2007 in Somaliland and required 24 months’ education. Sudan’s VMWs were similarly excluded from government employment or incentives system, though this may be changing (Eldin and Abdallha 2011). 2013). Gender issues included educational disparities and empowerment (UN 2015). 2013), with >32 million of 40 million births not attended by SBAs in 2012 occurring in rural and hard-to-reach areas (UNFPA 2014). WHO Reproductive Health Library, Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health, Global Health Workforce Alliance (GHWA), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), WHO and Ministries of Health of target countries. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. 2014). 2011,; Souto et al. 2013; Wood et al. 2014), Somalia (Miyake 2015a) and Yemen (MCHIP 2012; MOPHP 2012), adopted and standardized ICM essential competencies for basic midwifery practice (ICM 2013). "community midwife in Afghanistan female gender, motivation and willingness to adhere to community working conditions were required (Speakman et al. In the United States there are two categories of midwives: nurse-midwives, who are trained in both nursing and midwifery, and direct entry midwives, who are not necessarily nurses before they train to become midwives. Community-level support also varied. Bakheit indicated that poor distribution of VMWs was attributable to geographical and cultural factors linked to candidate selection and non-adherence to school selection criteria by some NGOs supporting VMWs (Bakheit 2013). In 2013, CMW education began replacing both VMWs and MTs. All rights reserved. Although all received formal midwifery education, content and skills were not consistent across countries. Development of CMW cadres differed according to country contexts and simple comparisons miss this complexity. Personal stories. The importance of primary healthcare was recognized in the 1978 Alma-Ata Declaration (WHO 1978). None declared. 2013). Search terms included (Community midwi* OR SBA OR skilled attend* OR skilled birth OR midwi* OR auxiliary midwi*) AND (Afghanistan OR Bosnia Herzegovina OR Burundi OR Central African Republic OR Chad OR Comoros OR Côte d'Ivoire OR Congo (Republic) OR Congo (Democratic Republic) OR Eritrea OR Guinea OR Guinea Bissau OR Haiti OR Iraq OR Kiribati OR Kosovo OR Liberia OR Libya OR Madagascar OR Mali OR Marshall Island OR Micronesia OR Myanmar/Burma OR Palestine/West Bank and Gaza OR Sierra Leone OR Solomon Islands OR Somalia OR South Sudan OR Sudan OR Syria OR Timor-Leste OR Togo OR Tuvalu OR Yemen OR Zimbabwe). Cadres in Afghanistan, Somalia and Yemen appeared to fulfil international SBA (WHO, ICM and FIGO 2004) and International Confederation of Midwives (ICM) professional midwife standards by being trained and legally mandated to provide the full range of basic emergency obstetric and newborn care (BEmONC) (USAID/REACH 2003; WHO 2009; Adegoke et al. 2013). Finally, rapid and disruptive change can occur within FCAS so that older literature no longer fits current realities and is primarily useful for historical insight. Characteristics of community midwifery programmes in six FCAS. VIRAL MENINGITIS ASSOCIATED WITH COVID-19 IN A 9-YEAR-OLD CHILD: A CASE REPORT. However, as some experts noted, international SBA standards are complex (e.g. Midwifery service provider who is nationally recognized as a skilled birth attendant, has successfully completed formal midwifery education, and is deployed to a rural or underserved area, A formal midwifery service provided through the health system at community level, e.g. 2013). NH contributed to study conception and design, data analysis and interpretation, and critically revised the draft. While midwifery capacity assessment is an important measure of service and education quality, only seven sources measured this (Bella and Ebrahim 1984; Altigani 1992; Sudan FMOH and UNICEF/Sudan 2006; Eldin and Abdallha 2011; Turkmani et al. Sometimes they are paged to help out in a hospital when there are insufficient midwives … Fifth, this review did not exclude sources due to quality, and findings should be interpreted accordingly. 2014), but were retained given the very limited literature on CMW programmes in these countries. 2014). The rural auxiliary midwife (‘matrone’) programme began around 1970 and required 6–12 months’ education. 2013; Warren et al. SM screened titles, abstracts and full texts against inclusion criteria. Providing international-standard midwifery services to rural and remote areas is important for improving health equity in FCAS and other low-resource settings, bringing services closer to women as needed to achieve SDGs. Midwifery and quality care: findings from a new evidence-informed framework for maternal and newborn care, State of the World’s Mothers 2014: Saving Mothers and Children in Humanitarian Crises, Establishment of an accreditation system for midwifery education in Afghanistan: Maintaining quality during national expansion, Development of the community midwifery education initiative and its influence on women's health and empowerment in Afghanistan: a case study, A Situation Analysis for Reproductive Health - Somalia, Systematic mixed studies reviews: updating results on the reliability and efficiency of the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool, Safe motherhood initiative: 20 years and counting, Assessment of village midwives: In terms of knowledge, skills, availablity of equipment and supplies: A survey conducted in 5 states, Fragile and conflict-affected states: exploring the relationship between governance, instability and violence, Stability: International Journal of Security & Development, Improvement of maternal and newborn health through midwifery, Midwives are the backbone of our health system': Lessons from Afghanistan to guide expansion of midwifery in challenging settings, Developing Nurses/Midwives Education in South Sudan - A Pre-Study, The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015, Midwifery in the community: Lesson learned: 1st international forum on midwifery in the community 11th-15th December, 2006 Hammamet Tunisia, The Millennium Development Goals Report 2014, The state of the world's midwifery 2014: a universal pathway. community-based settings. The limited available sources indicate that more research is needed on candidate recruitment, educational standardization, linking recruitment and deployment, and supporting retention in fragile settings. Programmes in Afghanistan, Somalia and Yemen required candidates to have at least 9 years of education (Sorbye 2009; MCHIP 2012; Turkmani et al. Midwifery practice is informed by research, evidence-based guidelines, clinical experience and the unique values and needs of those in their care. 2013). In addition to high maternal and newborn mortality rates, FCAS generally have inadequate health systems and weak health workforce development (Global Health Workforce Alliance 2011). nurse / nərs/ • n. a person trained to care for the sick or infirm, esp. Midwives’ roles and responsibilities were based on the legal and regulatory frameworks of each country’s health system. 2013; Warren et al. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. The objective of this scoping review is to collate and assess evidence that identifies factors, including the role and influence of traditional midwives, that affect maternal health in indigenous communities in the Americas. Eldin and Abdallah (2011) reported VMWs were competent in identifying obstructed labour and main causes of maternal death, and providing family planning (Eldin and Abdallha 2011). Similar key terms were used in Google Scholar, Google and websites, e.g. The CMW education programme began in 1997 as a 24-month course (Perla et al. detection of complications, timely first-line treatment and referral for postpartum haemorrhage) (ICM 2013), but these may be restricted depending on resources and an enabling environment in individual countries (e.g. Policy. However, midwifery education was adversely affected by civil conflict and is largely suspended (Miyake 2015d). Part 3 of Realising professionalism: Standards for education and training. Our legal framework changed on the 31 March 2017 to seperate the function of midwifery supervision from regulation. Nigeria and Pakistan) could have been included if different criteria were applied and this review took an intentionally conservative approach. Insecurity was an overarching barrier to community midwives recruitment and retention in FCAS (Evans and Lema 2010; Eldin and Abdallha 2011; Wood et al. The MMAT tool is designed for systematic reviews that include quantitative and qualitative components, thus allowing use of one tool for concomitantly appraising the most common empirical study types (Pluye et al. As the CMW cadre worked closely with communities, CMW education curricula in Afghanistan, Mali and Sudan included topics beyond midwifery, such as health promotion, child health and broader reproductive health issues (Warren 2007; Mohmand 2013; Speakman et al. In Sudan, the CMW education curriculum was aligned to ICM educational competencies (Miyake 2015c), whereas VMW and MT education curricula were not (Mustafa and Rahman 2012). 2013). In Afghanistan, Mali and Yemen, sources indicated CMW could provide new opportunities among women for further education and an independent income, thus improving women’s status in families and society. 2014). 2013; Warren et al. In Somalia, the same strategy was used, with additional requirements to complete the training school examination and to consider balanced geographical distribution of candidates (Miyake 2015a). 2014; Utz et al. 2009; Sorbye 2009; Evans and Lema 2010; Pathfinder International 2011; MCHIP 2012; Mohmand 2013; Tveit 2014). In Afghanistan and South Sudan, ethnicity, language and tribal differences affected community support (Wood et al. 2014; Bakheit 2013). In South Sudan, a lack of consensus among national stakeholders (e.g. The CMW education programme began in 2002, initially requiring 18 months’ education that was extended to 24 months in 2010 (Mansoor 2013; Mohmand 2013; Turkmani et al. Ten experts in CMW in one or more FCAS, identified from sources, were approached via email and invited to participate. Major retention barriers were insufficient supportive supervision by experienced midwives, delayed or insufficient provision of necessary equipment and supplies, poorly functioning referral systems, lack of continuing education opportunities, and contested or undervalued professional status (ten Hoope-Bender et al. contested political settlement, state predation, failure to ensure basic rights and services). 2014). Third, data on cadres, curricula, capacity and responsibilities were insufficient and further research is necessary to investigate knowledge gaps. Van Lerberghe WMatthews ZAchadi E et al. Standards for pre-registration midwifery programmes. It is perhaps unsurprising that 25 eligible FCAS (71%) were among ‘Countdown to 2015’s’ 75 highest-burden countries for maternal, newborn and child survival, including all six of the FCAS in this review. Case studies. The global community is beginning to recognize that a key element of ensuring Sustainable Development Goals reach those ‘left behind’ by the Millennium Development Goals and requires improving health outcomes for those directly affected by conflict and mass violence (WHO 2015; Chandran et al. Additionally, as FCAS have no standardized definition, this initial review was intentionally conservative and other countries could be included in future research by using broader criteria. In Sudan, limited supervisory capacity challenged supportive supervision of VMWs, despite recognized benefits for graduate capacity and motivation (Eldin and Abdallha 2011). Speakman EMShafi ASondorp EAtta NHoward N. ten Hoope-Bender Pde Bernis LCampbell J et al. 2013). Data quality was relatively weak, with only 3 of 23 sources fulfilling all MMAT criteria. Retrieved October 17, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/caregiving/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/community-midwife. We've published new return to practice standards. First, time-limited purposive hand-searching may not have captured all sources. Such deployment can contribute to building resilience among women and communities during the transition from humanitarian emergency to sustainable development (Speakman et al. A Dictionary of Nursing. 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