In such a theory, any human or social phenomenon of interest can be explained by pointing to some fact about the environment. As part of this course, you will be exposed to a variety learning tools, from definitions and reading assignments to maps and charts. AP Human Geography UNIT 1 DRAFT. 1996. The action of giving a misleading account or impression. The regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places. We learned in our chapters on disability, race and ethnicity, and gender and sexuality that societies may have significant internal disputes about what those values are. The Advanced Placement Human Geography (APHG) course introduces students to the systematic study of patterns and processes that have shaped human understanding, use, and alteration of Earth's surface. A region that only exists as a conceptualization or an idea and not a physical demarcated entity. For example, some Native American societies traditionally believed that some game animals were provided by the gods, rather than being born to whatever animals survived the previous year's hunt -- and therefore that excessive hunting would not destroy the supply of game. 1999. The Perception of the Environment: Essays on Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill. What view point states that a civilization living in the Americas has a better chance of thriving than one living in Antarctica? Study 126 AP Human Geography Unit 3 flashcards from Brice G. on StudyBlue. Vocab. AP Human Geography Unit 1 Vocab and Examples, Ap Human Geography Unit 1 Vocab Flashcard, Free online plagiarism checker with percentage. Gunderson, Lance H., and C.S. Fairness in Adaptation to Climate Change. A map that uses different shading, coloring or placing of symbols within predefined areas to indicate the average value of property/quality in those areas. So whenever we ask whether a society is well-adapted to its environment, we should always ask whose perspective that judgment is coming from. Nature is merely a background for human activity. The demise of Norse Greenland. Sacred Ecology: Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Resource Management. Climatologists call the period in which the Norse settled the "Medieval Warm Period," while the cooling after 1300 is called the "Little Ice Age." Prince Tui Teka Funeral, It works beautifully, and I believe that it will work for you and your students as well. 2006. The visible imprint of human activity on the landscape: Term. an area of inquiry concerned with culture as a system of adaptation to environment: Term. 9th Grade. Thus, the environment does provide opportunities and constraints to people -- but which precise opportunities and constraints they are depends on the culture of the society in question (Sahlins 1964, Morris 2010). As you are reviewing for this unit, focus on the key concepts! University of California (Berkeley) professor of geography Carl Sauer (now deceased) endorsed the theory that human beings first practiced agriculture more than ten thousand years ago. A way to understand a topic or area using spatial features and relationships. Valid scientific research, with adequate control groups, takes a long time to complete, especially on landscape-level phenomena that can't be controlled in a lab (Whelan 1995). William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Geographic viewpoint- a response to determinism- that holds that human decision making not the environment, is the crucial factor in cultural development. Mathews, and W.B. other examples: int’l trade, movement of semitrailers on expressways, radio broadcasts, phone calls, the ease (or difficulty) in which a good may be transported from one area to another. Human adaptation refers to both biological and cultural processes that enable a population to survive and reproduce within a given or changing environment. AP Human Geography: Exam Prep ... For example, some cultures eat a lot of fish because they live near water, while others live in the desert and very rarely eat fish at all. Cultural core/Periphery pattern. Prime Meridian and Greenwich, England (a suburb of London, east of London). Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through local population by contact from person to person -analogous to the communication of contagious illness. Maps that tell stories , typically showing the degree of some attribute or movement of a geographic phenomenon. It cuts between Russia and Alaska through the Bering Strait and juts out multiple times. (Think Chloroplast bc of color). Science aims to produce reliable generalizations about phenomena in the world, which will allow us to explain, predict, and control them. In biology this general idea has been coopted so that adaptation has three meanings. France is more likely to have a closer and fore frequent relationship with Germany than it is with China. In the biological realm, each species is defined, roughly speaking, by its unique innovation. People migrating across the Bering Land Bridge from Siberia to the Americas. Unfortunately, major environmental changes like anthropogenic climate change are putting many of our world's environments outside their historic range of variability. This is the frequency or occurrence of something. AP Human Geography Packet . Human geography is a catch all term encompassing how humans interact with the physical areas around them, with each other, and with the geographic world as a whole. Judkins, Gabriel, Marissa Smith, and Eric Keys. Details. ... A form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place. Level. Inuit culture lacked agriculture or domestic animals besides the dog, but they had an effective package of technology such as kayaks and harpoons for hunting and fishing to supply their subsistence. Greenland was a similar enough environment that the Norse could initially thrive. A form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is related as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place. The details of the cycle are too complex to go into here, but the main point is that the Tsembaga do not see it as serving to ensure adaptation to their environment. It transcends state boundaries and has various outcomes. Used for Navigation. Clinging to cattle-based subsistence served the medium-term interests of the chieftains at the expense of the short-term interests of the commoners and the long-term interests of Norse society as a whole. He also argued that the culture hearths (source areas) of plant domestication must have been located in places naturally endowed … When people have incorrect ideas about the environment but by coincidence happen to practice a well-adapted way of life, there is always a risk that a change in circumstances will make the old adaptation into a maladaptation. Soper, Kate. Caribou co-management in Canada: fostering multiple ways of knowing. The growing season in Alaska is simply too short to cultivate sufficient maize locally. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. a year ago. Any illness or outbreak EXCEPT FOR HIV/AIDS. Rather than looking for complete information before beginning to decide how to adapt to an environmental condition, adaptive management aims to generate information through attempts to adapt. What three types of diffusion fit under the “Expansion” category? From Our Classroom To Yours: An NCTA Master Teacher Workshop Series A series of NCTA Master Teacher workshops on integrating East Asia into your classroom. Sequential diffusion process in which the items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate to new ones. innovation adoption. Description. A method of collecting data or info through instruments that are physically distant from the area/object of study. Because of this, sociologists who believe that the environment's effects are important have had to struggle to get their ideas accepted by their discipline. ex. Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems. Examples are when the US tried to assimilate the indigenous people. But when the introduction of firearms greatly increased the effectiveness of their hunting (and European demand for pelts greatly increased the demand for further hunting), the belief in an inexhaustible supply of game led quickly to severe overhunting (Krech 1999). A compass direction such as North or South. Why the West Rules -- For Now: The Patterns of History, and What They Reveal About the Future. Butzer, Karl W. 1990. The Ecology of Fire. Ap Human Geography Unit 4. In their extreme forms, post-structural/post-modernist theories deny that there can be any real truth about nature beyond what human societies have constructed through discourse. Geographical Journal 174 (1): 17-29. One popular version held that climatic conditions directly affected human psychology, which in turn determined social outcomes. To begin our exploration of how the natural environment affects human societies, we need to clarify our conception of the relationship between humans and the environment. A type of region marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in one or more phenomena. Through examples, exercises, and readings, students will learn the types of questions different techniques are designed to … Deloria Jr., Vine. 2003. The finches Darwin observed on the Galapagos Islands each had a beak adapted to exploit the trees and seeds unique to its home island. On the other hand, the Norse were resistant to learning from the Inuit, and they never adopted technologies like kayaks and harpoons that would have enabled more effective exploitation of food resources during the Little Ice Age. Study 126 AP Human Geography Unit 3 flashcards from Brice G. on StudyBlue. The following guide will be updated periodically with hyperlinks to excellent resources. A classic example that illustrates the complexities of adaptation is the contrasting fates of the Norse and Inuit in Greenland ( McGovern 2000 ). Because the Inuit were heathens, it was believed that they had nothing of value to teach representatives of Christian European civilization. What is an example of Hierarchical Diffusion? There are seven units of study. Modern cars, phones, computers, airplanes, modern trains. AP Human. Unfortunately, novel and rapidly-changing environmental conditions can outpace either. What we need is a way of thinking about the environment that recognizes both the influence of nature itself (as in environmental determinism) as well as the ability of human societies to shape their own relationships to nature (as in environment-as-backdrop). Author Summary Since the beginning of the study of evolution, people have been fascinated by recent human evolution and adaptation. Students employ spatial concepts and landscape analysis to examine human social organization and its environmental consequences. The Inuit learned to use the entire seal or whale due to the fact that resources are very scarce in the Arctic. Though the Norse were relatively democratic by medieval European standards (the Icelandic Alþingi is one of the world's oldest parliaments), Norse society still had a clear hierarchy between nobles and commoners. 0. Title. The second theme of geography as defined by GENIP; reciprocal relationship between humans and environment. However, in many situations, maintaining social adaptation to the environment requires knowledge of how the environment works, and what options for human action are feasible. Some people have urged modern societies to take up pro-environmental religion in a similar way -- get people to believe not because the doctrines about God are necessarily true, but because believing them is useful for society. In The Earth as Transformed by Human Action: Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere Over the Last 300 Years, ed. The spread of an innovation or idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in tan exploding area of dissemination. By continuing weâll assume youâre on board with our cookie policy. Search » All » Geography » AP Human Geography » Units 1-7. In Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, ed. The study of human adaptations to social and physical environments. Whelan, Robert J. The course introduces students to the importance of spatial organization — the location of places, people, and events; environmental relationships; and interconnections between places and across landscapes — in the understanding of human life on Earth. 9th - 12th grade. Environmental determinism is the view that the natural environment determines the characteristics of human societies. What is the 0 degree longitude called and what city does it cross through? 79 times. diffusion of an idea or innovation that is not suitable for the environment in which it diffused into (e.g., New England-style homes in Hawaii, or Ranch-style homes in northeast US) Sequent Occupance Layers of imprints in a cultural landscape that reflect years of differing human activity. The area where an idea or cultural trait originates. Cultural Adaptation. Moran, Emilio F. 1991. A cylindrical map projection presented by Mercator which heavily distorts the poles. It is possible for some society to be very well adapted to the current environmental conditions, but to have very low adaptive capacity, so that a change in the environment will lead to severe maladaptation. Developed by GENIP, the five themes of geography are location, human-environment, region, place, and movement. The view that natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life, including cultural development. The environment-as-backdrop view remains significant today in the family of theories usually referred to as "post-structuralism" or "post-modernism" (Soper 1995). Ex. A Vocabulary List for AP Human Geography Martha Sharma Retired teacher Hilton Head, South Carolina Unit III. This means that you normally get one major innovation per species. AP Human Geography Unit 3. 84 terms. The mobility of people, goods, and ideas across the surface of the Earth. Philadelphia: Taylor and Francis. The founder of modern sociology, Emile Durkheim, famously stated that social facts (that is, facts about human societies) can only be explained by other social facts -- not by natural facts (Durkheim 1972). What is a common example of Stimulus Diffusion? study of how why and at what rate new technology spreads throughout a culture. New York: Routledge. Metal goods manufactured in Europe and imported by the Norse found their way along Inuit trade routes deep into the Arctic. Agriculture provides a good example of an almost universal spread of an innovation. Representation of a real world phenomena at a certain level of reduction or generalization (think: how large would my house be), Pertaining to space on the Earth’s surface sometimes used as a synonym for geographic, A region of the Earth that has common traits. by trishrenfro. New Haven: Yale University Press. Today, some of the most successful solutions to environmental problems have come from finding ways to combine science and TEK, drawing on the complementary strengths of both kinds of knowledge (Kendrick 2003). Maps that show the absolute location of places and geographic features determined by a frame typically latitude and longitude. The pre-1800 Dena'ina would have found that to be a relatively minor constraint, as their campsites could be easily moved farther inland. TEK can usually give you good information about what to do when the environment is within the historic range of variability, but when conditions are outside that range, TEK has not had time to develop an answer. AP Human Geography: Chapter 1- Thinking Geographically DRAFT. Culture and environment: the study of cultural ecology. 327�339. This information, which may not meet strict scientific standards of proof, is then used to advise further choices about strategies for adaptation, which are then in turn monitored to see how they worked out. The effects of distance on the interaction, generally the greater the distance, the less the interaction. A collection of computer hard-ware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stated, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user. The start up of farming across many ancient civilizations across the world. McDonald’s expanded into such a global company that its scale and impact on other cultures is huge. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. This is important to Human Geography because many names mean significant things including beliefs of … The idea of environment-as-backdrop holds that the natural environment has little or no direct effect on human societies. But it may be passed down through demonstrating and teaching skills, rather than being codified into a series of factual statements (Ingold 2000). innovation adoption. Red Earth, White Lies: Native Americans and the Myth of Scientific Fact. Holling, eds. Environmentalism or Environmental Determinism, Formal Region/Uniform Region/Homogeneous Region. What is an example of a Cultural Landscape. Richards, J.T. core-periphery idea that houses main economic power of a region and the outlying region or periphery houses lesser economic ties. new people adapt to the culture of the previously existing people. Geography - Geography - Human geography as locational analysis: In human geography, the new approach became known as “locational” or “spatial analysis” or, to some, “spatial science.” It focused on spatial organization, and its key concepts were embedded into the functional region—the tributary area of a major node, whether a port, a market town, or a city shopping centre. Emile Durkheim: Selected Writings. After about 1300, the climate in Greenland became colder. In Horizons in Anthropology, ed. Determinism within human-environment research and the rediscovery of environmental causation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company. 1995. Some time after that, the ancestors of today's Greenland Inuit moved into southern part of the island, bringing with them adaptations to the cold northern climates of Canada's Arctic Archipelago and northern Greenland. Archaeological evidence shows that the Inuit were quite willing to adopt ideas and technology from the Norse. xxashleyxxcxx. that that environment has experienced in the past. Berkes, Fikret. An approach to studies nature-society relations that is concerned with the ways in which environmental issues both reflect and area issues both reflect and are the result of political and socioeconomic contexts in which they are situated. The internal physical physical attributes of a place, including its absolute location, its spatial character and physical setting. 10. New York: Scribner. Nevertheless, modern technological and economic systems do not always expand the opportunities and reduce the constraints presented by the environment. Adger, W. Neil, Jouni Paavola, Saleemul Huq, and M. J. Mace, eds. Which map looks all funky because the size of states and borders are all wack? Satellite based system for determining the absolute location of places pr geographic features. What is an example of Contagious Diffusion? TEK is usually qualitative, as well as specific to the environment in which it developed (rather than generalizable to many environments). Innovation Adoption: study of how why and at what rate new technology spreads throughout a culture: ... Often used describe immigration adaptation new places of residence. What is the name of the Parallel at 0 degrees? Culture unit vocab. 1971. Oxford: The International African Institute. A map in which some thematic mapping variable is substituted for land area and distance. In particular, the cooling climate made it more difficult to procure land-based foods like cattle. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. The third theme of geography as defined by GENIP; an area on the Earth’s surface marked by a degree of formal, functional or perceptual homogeneity of some phenomenon. directions such as left, right, back, up, down, based on people’s perception of places. Indeed, the Norse name for all the native people of the Americas was "skrælingjar," which means "wretches" -- implying that their way of life was nasty and poor, and not worthy of emulation. Because environmental conditions are prone to change, it is often useful to talk about societies as having some level of adaptive capacity (Adger et al. Implement Policies for Inclusion, Resource Efficiency and Disaster Risk Reduction. The study of human adaptations to social and physical environments. McGovern, Thomas H. 2000. France is on the Northwest border of Spain is an example of…. Cultural ecology. Geography. A map where a line is drawn out a map that joins all similar areas together. ... AP Human Geography Unit 3 (Pop and Folk Culture) 19 terms. 1995. location of geographic phenomena across space. Thus, tropical climates were said to make people lazy and sensual, which in turn was held to explain why tropical societies such as those of Africa or Latin America were not as developed as temperate societies (Huntington 1915). Information about a physical object that can be represented by numerical values in a geographic coordinate system. Kendrick, Anne. Cultural ecology is the study of relationships between human cultures and the environment, or how people interact with each other because of their environmental context. In Navigating Social-Ecological Systems: Building Resilience for Complexity and Change, ed. The fifth theme of geography as defined by GENIP. Krech, Shepard. The Norse, on the other hand, experienced increasing food supply problems and the settlers ultimately either returned to Iceland or died, leading to the demise of the colony sometime before 1500. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. Barrows, Harlan H. “Geography as Human Ecology.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 13.1 (1923): 1–14. Turner, W.C. Clark, R.W. 2000. But this was not a conscious choice � rather, they had stumbled upon a solution, and since that solution worked, their society survived while societies that pursued different paths collapsed. Cultural Realm: Definition. Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) is knowledge about how the environment works that has been accumulated through generations of experience with a particular environment (Berkes 1999). Cultural ecology is the study of human adaptations to social and physical environments. AP Human Geography. 5 minutes ago. The AP Human Geography course emphasizes the importance of geography as a field of inquiry. The spatial spreading or dissemination of a culture element (such as technological innovation) or some other phenomenon such as a disease outbreak. We know that sometimes it's hard to find inspiration, so we provide you with hundreds of related samples. Science can be defined narrowly as the product of the official modern scientific establishment, or more broadly as any knowledge arrived at through a conscious quest for knowledge that applies norms of hypothesis generation and testing. The word adaptation does not stem from its current usage in evolutionary biology but rather dates back to the early 17th century, when it indicated a relation between design and function or how something fits into something else. An urban hierarchy is usually involved, encouraging the leapfrogging of innovations over wide areas, with geographic distance a less important influence. Observation is a very common type of research in many fields, including sociology, psychology, and education. 2008). The flow of energy in an agricultural society. In Greenland, the chieftains had cemented their power by claiming control of the best pastureland. How is GIS usually formatted for the user’s convince? The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape. Culture, Politics and the Non-Human. AP Human Geography Review Notes: Semester One Introduction CONCEPTS Fieldwork: Going into field of study and taking observations of actions and reactions. Adaptive capacity is the ability of a society to adapt if conditions change. Research had documented that these societies lived in balance with their local ecosystems, never undermining the sustainability of the system. Terms in this set (59) ... for example, nomadic migration - that has a closed route & is repeated annually or seasonally ... diffusion of a process with negative side effects or what works well in one region many not in another. The precise course of the collapse of Norse society is a complex problem, but we can examine two features of Norse culture that inhibited it from following the successful Inuit path: xenophobia and hierarchy. Unlike the Tsembaga religious beliefs that just happened to also ensure sustainable resource use, TEK is consciously recognized as information about the environment. Norse culture was xenophobic (literally stranger-fearing). Alexandria, Egypt, where Egyptian, Greek, and Roman cultural landscapes can be found. Norse settlers arrived in 986 CE, bringing with them a culture that had been developed in other North Atlantic islands like Iceland and the Shetland Islands. For the most part, it stays on the 180 degree line. Fikret Berkes, Johan Colding, and Carl Folke, 241-267. The modification of the natural landscape by human activities is known as the . In that time human populations have spread around the … Each presentation will provide Act 48 for Adaptive management is one possible solution to this dilemma (Gunderson and Holling 2001). study of the atoms and molecules that make up different substances. A map that use the visual variable of size to represent differences in magnitude of a discrete, abruptly hanging phenomenon like counts of people. Science may likewise be stumped. Measurement of the physical space between two places. This belief did not prevent these societies from being well-adapted to their environments because massive overhunting was technologically unfeasible. Ingold, Tim. During the Medieval Warm Period, this was an effective source of power, as the climate was suitable for cattle-raising as an adaptation. Used to determine the location of things by measurement of angular distance, in degrees east or west from the Prime Meridian. Durkheim, Emile. A useful way of achieving this is to conceive of the environment as a culturally-mediated source of opportunities and constraints.