Cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi, can infest a number of woody ornamentals and certain crops ().Common hosts in California are citrus, cocculus, nandina, and pittosporum. Bartlett BR, 1978. Specimen record from the collection in the Natural History Museum (London, UK)., London, UK: Natural History Museum (London). This scale is seldom found on the fruit. However, this was presumably from a new introduction from nursery stock in about 1895 (Gossard 1901). APPPC, 1987. Margarodidae (Insecta: Hemiptera). A new report of Icerya purchasi Maskell (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) as a pest of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. The following account of the introduction of this scale insect into Florida is largely taken from Gossard (1901). This scale is apparently native to Australia and made its way to California on acacia plants around 1868 or 1869 and in about ten years was causing … The minor families (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Icerya purchasi Maskell (INRA / Antibes) Novius (Rodolia) cardinalis Originating from Australia, this ladybird was introduced at the end of the 19th century to be used as a beneficial insect in biological control. I. purchasi extracts significant quantities of sap from the host plant. 176 pp. DOI:10.1603/022.038.0210, Rubiales D, Fernández-Aparicio M, 2009. Ascot, UK: International Institute of Biological Control (IIBC). In: Van Driesche RG, ed. The scale insects of the tropical South Pacific region. (Cocciden-arten in Brandenburg.). BEARDSLEY jr J W, 1966. Pesticide effectiveness test of several insecticides to control Icerya purchasi endangering Liquidambar formosana. Effects of Oikos (a. i. Azadirachtin A) on the vedalia ladybeetle Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). At that time only one other species was known in the genus Icerya (Maskell 1878). Indian Journal of Entomology, 12:39-66, 127-158. NHM, 1995. ), 21(4):175-178. Debach P. 1973. Rao VP, 1951. Tao C, 1999. The egg sac contains about 1000 red eggs (Gossard 1901). NHM, 1973. Insects of Micronesia, 6:377-562. Gokkes M; Eshel G; Tadmor U, 1989. Coccoidea species in Brandenburg. Photograph by Division of Plant Industry. The scale insects of California. Specimen record from the collection in the Natural History Museum (London, UK)., London, UK: Natural History Museum (London). UK, CAB International, 1971. 21:123 pp. /. Cocciniglie. Bermuda;Chile;Egypt;India;Israel;New Zealand;Peru;Sao Tome and Principe;South Australia;St Kitts Nevis;USA, Acacia baileyana; Acalypha; Citrus; Erythrina umbrosus; fruit trees; ornamental plants; roses; Tamarix, Antigua; Ascension; Australia; South Australia; Bahamas; Barbados; Bermuda; California; Cayman Islands; Chile; Cyprus; Ecuador; Egypt; Ethiopia; France; Greece; Guam; Hawaii; Hong Kong; Israel; Italy; Kenya; Madagascar; Malta; Montserrat; New Zealand; Peru; Philippines; Portugal; Puerto Rico; Republic of Georgia; Sao Tome and Principe; Senegal; South Africa; Spain; Sri Lanka; St Helena; St Kitts Nevis; Switzerland; Taiwan; Uruguay; USA; USSR; Venezuela; Yugoslavia, Acacia; Acacia baileyana; Acalypha; Casuarina; Citrus; fruit trees; orchards; ornamental plants; pigeon peas; roses; Tamarix, Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye, Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches. Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser. The regulation of I. purchasi by natural enemies is one of the classic success stories in biological control. Subtropical Fruit Pests. Icerya purchasi Maskell, 1879, Cottony Cushion Scale General Description. Photograph by Paul M. Choate, University of Florida. Valid Names Results Icerya purchasi Maskell, 1879 (Monophlebidae: Icerya) Nomenclatural History . Icerya purchasi Maskell, cottony cushion scale (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), causing damage to ornamental plants growing outdoors in London. At that time only one other species was known in the genus Icerya (Maskell 1878). 1999. Body red, legs and antennae black, covered by layer of white to cream colored wax, median area sometimes with lemon yellow wax, marginal areas with fringe of wax processes all about same length; margin of body with long crystalline rods. Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need. Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Special Publication, 89:1-98. Part 2. Bioecological and population studies of the cottony-cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Mask. List of Coccoidea (Homoptera) of China. High density I. purchasi populations can be particularly damaging to native plants with restricted ranges. Papadopoulou S, Chryssohoides C, 2012. Detailed coverage of invasive species threatening livelihoods and the environment worldwide. 267 pp. Watson GW; Ooi PAC; Girling DJ, 1995. The history of the vedalia beetle importation to California and its impact on the development of biological control. Heimbach U, 2002. Vedalia immediately proved highly effective in controlling I. purchasi and has subsequently been distributed to about 57 countries (Bartlett, 1978). Seasonal incidence of mealybug species on mandarin orange in Darjeeling, West Bengal. (2005). Canberra, Australia: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 141 pp. Depending on the temperature, eggs hatch in a few days to two months. Part 2. 17 (2), 105-109. Proceedings of a meeting (3-6 October, 2001), San Michele All’Adige, Trento, Italy: Bulletin OILB SROP, 25(11):81-88. Competition between the two natural enemies did not increase host survival and these studies provide strong support for the importation of multiple natural enemies. Specimen record from the collection in the Natural History Museum (London, UK)., London, UK: Natural History Museum (London). The genus Icerya has been poorly studied and it is possible that there are other species similar to I. purchasi living in the same geographical areas. In: Peleg BA, Bar-Zakay I, Ascher KRS, eds. Various nymphal stages of the cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell. [Distribution map]. Indian Journal of Entomology. Icerya purchasi (Maskell, 1878) Cottony cushion scale. China Fruits, No.1:36-38. The host was kangaroo acacia and the insect was named for Dr. Purchas. Iceryine scale insects recorded from the Orient. Photograph by Division of Plant Industry. Copious honeydew excreted by the scales coats the leaves, res...             Subphylum: Uniramia,                 Class: Insecta,                     Order: Hemiptera,                         Suborder: Sternorrhyncha,                             Unknown: Coccoidea,                                 Family: Monophlebidae,                                     Genus: Icerya,                                         Species: Icerya purchasi. Tao C C, 1999. ]; collected by Dr. Purchas.. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Morale1991,57). Matile-Ferrero D; Legrand J; Riffet X, 1999. Journal of Zhejiang Forestry Science and Technology, 19(6):46-47. Résumé. NHM, 1977. NHM, 1979. NHM, 1985. British Journal of Entomology and Natural History, 26(2):89-90. http://www.benhs.org.uk. Bridgetown, Barbados; Caribbean Agricultural Research & Development Institute, vi + 81 pp. Fauna of New Zealand, No. The nursery owners, who either did not see the scales or assumed they would be of no consequence, left the packing container near a citrus tree which eventually became infested. cottony cushion scale in language. 11 (2), 11. Its cottony egg sac and profuse honeydew production make cottony cushion scale easy to spot in the landscape. purchasi has been known in the Azores Added damage can result from the accumulation of sooty mold due to the honeydew excreted by the scale. The Major Arthropod Pests and Weeds of Agriculture in Southeast Asia. An annotated check-list of the insects and allied terrestrial arthropods of Barbados. Taxonomic placing: Insecta, Hemimetabola, Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha, Coccoidea, Monophlebidae.. Common name: Cottony-cushion scale, fluted scale.. Geographical distribution: This pest occurs wherever citrus is grown. Revue Française d'Entomologie. Icerya purchasi (aka el pulgon) is a cosmopolitan plant pest that is native to Australia and possibly New Zealand and is a known pest on over 200 different plant species. When I. purchasi established in California, USA in 1868/1869, it was apparent that it could be a major impediment to citrus production. Icerya purchasi Maskell -- Homoptera, Margarodidae (Contacts) GO TO ALL: Bio-Control Cases . The cottony cushion scale can be distinguished easily from other scale insects in Florida. Matile-Ferrero D, Legrand J, Riffet X, 1999. citrussköldlus in Swedish Bibliographic References. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. 6 (7), 3+] 377-562 pp. Introduced insect fauna of an oceanic archipelago: the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. 11 (2), 105-110. First record of the cottony cushion scale. Survey and level of infestation of scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) existing in Libya, with new records of their host plants. Wang DaoXun; Lou Zhi; Li Ping; Gao ZhiHua, 2002. At that time only one other species was known in the genus Icerya (Maskell 1878). Icerya purchasi Maskell, 1879. kingdom Animalia - animals » phylum Arthropoda - arthropods » class Insecta - insects » order Hemiptera - bugs » family Monophlebidae » genus Icerya Scientific synonyms. 26 (2), 89-90. http://www.benhs.org.uk. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 85(4):489-493; 19 ref.

Cottony cushion scale, a soft scale (Icerya purchasi). N.C. State Univ. Icerya purchasi Name Homonyms Icerya purchasi Maskell, 1879 Common names cottony cushion scale in language. Various other natural enemies have been tried against I. purchasi, but with little success. Colonization trials with Cryptochetum iceryae and Rodolia iceryae for improved biological control of Icerya purchasi in Israel. Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds, Chapman and Hall, London. Konar A, 1998. Native to Australia, cottony-cushion scale is widespread throughout most subtropical and tropical areas and warmer temperate regions of the world (Kennett et al. Specimen record from the collection in the Natural History Museum (London, UK)., London, UK: Natural History Museum (London). Sacramento, California, USA: California Department of Food and Agriculture, 79-80. United States: widespread throughout the U.S. Worldwide: Australia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, New Caldonia, New Zealand, Forfolk Island, and Northern Marianas Islands. Iceryine scale insects recorded from the Orient. Ascot, UK: International Institute of Biological Control. and its natural enemies, Rhodolia cardinalis Mul. 135. Plant Protection Science, 52(3):217-219. http://www.agriculturejournals.cz/publicFiles/187985.pdf. Icerya purchasi Maskell is reported as established outdoors in England for the first time. NHM, 1981. 44 (4), 218-236. Proceedings of a Meeting (18-20 October, 2000), Castello de la Plana, Spain: Bulletin OILB SROP, 24(4):103-112. Getu E, 1996. EPPO Global database. Italy: Università di Catania. Abundance of Icerya purchasi (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) and its parasitoid Cryptochaetum iceryae (Diptera: Cryptochaetidae) in Argentina blueberry crops. On some Coccidae in New Zealand. Entomological Research. Dark whorls of setae extend from each antennal segment, except the first (Ebeling 1959). The main diseases and pests of pomegranate in Huaiyuan area and their control. The scale insects of the tropical South Pacific region. Roque-Albelo L, 2003. Abd-Rabou S; Amin AH, 2004. Peck SB; Heraty J; Landry B; Sinclair BJ, 1998. Pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisoplip and its use in forest pest control. Homoptera: Coccoidea. Bangkok, Thailand: Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific region (RAPA). 844 p. Ebeling W. 1959. Insects on plants in the Maldives and their management. Pesticide effectiveness test of several insecticides to control Icerya purchasi endangering Liquidambar formosana. If large numbers of ants attend a heavy infestation of the scale, it may be worthwhile controlling the ants to help the natural enemies bring the scale population under control quickly. Alon Hanotea, 43(6):681-686. Effects of field-weathered residues of insect growth regulators on some Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of economic importance as biocontrol agents. Rao V P, 1951. A remarkable infestation of the cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi Maskell in central Paris (France) (Hemiptera, Margarodidae). In Florida, this scale has been reported from most counties. General information about Icerya purchasi (ICERPU) Name Language; Australian bug: English: cottony cushion scale: English: fluted scale The major arthropod pests and weeds of agriculture in Southeast Asia. Agricultural Handbook No. British Journal of Entomology and Natural History, 17(2):105-109. In: Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France, 108 (2) 147-156. Icerya purchasi Maskell, cottony cushion scale (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), causing damage to ornamental plants growing outdoors in London. Part 3: the soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. Indian Forester, 138(2):200. http://www.indianforester.org. IAR Newsletter of Agricultural Research, 11(2):11. On croit généralement que la Cochenille australienne,Icerya purchasi Maskell est originaire d'Australie d'où elle a été introduite dans différentes régions. It is interesting that the female is always a hermaphrodite with both testes and ovaries. Taichung, Taiwan: Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wufeng, 1-176. 19 (6), 46-47, 50. Apparently interpreting this as a request for the ladybug, the California party sent a shipment of these ladybugs and included some cottony cushion scales as food for the ladybugs. NHM, 1980. Bene Gdel; Gargani E; Russo R, 2007. . 79-80. 51. American Entomologist. Verma S K, Gireesh Chand, Pankaj Kumar, 2012. Foldi I, 2003. Waterhouse DF, 1993. Pittosporum tobira (Japanese pittosporum), Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (winged bean), http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm, Kollár J; Bakay L; Pástor M, 2016. CABI, Undated. 39 (1), 95-96. Online. An annotated check-list of the insects and allied terrestrial arthropods of Barbados. A remarkable infestation of the cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi Maskell in central … One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using. PQR database. Adult female cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell. Les cochemilles de Corse (Hemiptera, Coccoidea). Jacas Miret JA; Garcia Mari F, 2001. 2014 Florida Citrus Pest Management Guide: Soft-Bodied Insects Attacking Foliage and Fruit. New record of Icerya purchasi in one year old seedlings of Albizia procera (Roxb.) The cottony cushion scale. (no longer available online). Causton CE, 2003. Depuis 1888 les ennemis naturels de la Cochenille ont été introduits dans bien des pays avec des résultats appréciables. Photograph by Lyle J. Buss, University of Florida. Specimen record from the collection in the Natural History Museum (London, UK)., London, UK: Natural History Museum (London). Body up to 5 mm long. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. British Journal of Entomology and Natural History. Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, No. Hattingh V; Tate B, 1995. Icerya purchasi : adult with ovisac on Grevillea sp. Figure 6. Introduced insect fauna of an oceanic archipelago: the Galßpagos Islands, Ecuador. Wong CY; Chen SP; Chou LH, 1999. IOBC-WPRS Working Group for Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms. Insect pests of economic significance affecting major crops of the countries in Asia and the Pacific region. The body is partially or entirely covered with yellowish or white wax. Journal für Kulturpflanzen. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society, 16(4):441-444. Technical Series in Agricultural Biosystematics and Plant Pathology Number 2. 67 (10), 337-341. http://www.journal-kulturpflanzen.de. 38 (2), 380-386. http://www.unict.it/dipartimenti/biologia_animale/webnatur/insetti/omotteri/coccoidea.htm, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Hill MG, 1980. Hua FengMing, Ni LiangCai, Jin MinXin, 1999. Wong CY, Chen SP, Chou LH, 1999. Canberra, Australia: ACIAR. Annual Review of Entomology, 34:1-16. It is considered a major pest of citrus trees (CARVALHO, et ai, 1996) and for this reason it is common to use chemical con-trol to decrease the economic threshold. All life stages of I. purchasi are covered with wax, which reduces the effectiveness of most chemical insecticides. Biota Neotropica, 7(3):61-65. http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v7n3/en/fullpaper?bn00507032007+en, EPPO, 2014. Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Entomologie, 73:177-180. Specimen record from the collection in the Natural History Museum (London, UK)., London, UK: Natural History Museum (London). If self-fertilization occurs only hermaphrodites are produced; however, when a hermaphrodite mates with a male, more males and hermaphrodites are produced (Ebeling 1959). CIE, 1971. Greathead (1986) reported the successful introduction of two Cryptochaetidae of Australian origin into California and Mauritius to control Icerya purchasi Maskell and Icerya seychellarum (Westwood), respectively; however, these introductions were later neglected due to the superior performance and ease of handling of Rodolia cardinalis Mulsant. Chinese Journal of Biological Control. Bridgetown, Barbados: Caribbean Agricultural Research & Development Institute. Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant), the Vedalia ladybird (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feeding on Icerya purchasi Maskell, cottony cushion scale (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) in London gardens. The cottony cushion scale is now widespread throughout the world wherever citrus is grown (Ebeling 1959). It is of Australian origin and has invaded the Middle East in the early years of the 20th century. 130 (5), 583-584. Guidebook to scale insects of Taiwan. Seasonal incidence of mealybug species on mandarin orange in Darjeeling, West Bengal. The host was kangaroo acacia and the insect was named for Dr. Purchas. Specimen record from the collection in the Natural History Museum (London, UK)., London, UK: Natural History Museum (London). Hermaphroditism is extremely rare in the insect world despite the comparatively common nature of this condition in the crustaceans. Insect pests of economic significance affecting major crops of the countries in Asia and the Pacific region. Cottony Cushion Scale. Icerya purchasi (Homoptera: Margarodidae) on Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae), a new host plant record for Greece. Evaluation of the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen (Tiger) as a control agent for the California red scale and the cottony-cushion scale. Exotic scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) causing severe damage to ornamental pittosporum in London. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Auckland, on kangaroo acacia [=Acacia sp. IOBC-WPRS Working Group ‘Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms’. Biological Control, 1(1):68-74, Mendel Z; Blumberg D; Ishaaya I, 1991. Journal of Animal Ecology, 49:939-957. Fan M Z, Guo C, Xiao H L, Hu Y, 1988. http://www.soihs.it. Pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae and its use in forest pest control. Another growth regulator, buprofezin, gave 100% mortality of crawlers and 31% decreased egg hatch when the adults were sprayed with it (Mendel et al., 1991). I. purchasi belongs to the scale insect family Monophlebidae, the giant scales. Clausen CP, 1978. In addition, the use of insecticides prevents regulation by natural enemies, which has proved to be highly successful with this species. A detailed history of the introduction of the vedalia beetle into California, USA, is given by Caltagirone and Doutt (1989). The newly hatched nymphs are bright red with dark antennae and thin brown legs. The pest status of citrus scale insects in Israel (1984-1994). 21 (4), 175-178. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Biological Control of Arthropods, Honolulu, Hawaii: USDA Forest Service, FHTET-03-05, 148-157. Adult C. iceryae are sensitive to heat and aridity and are most effective in regulating cottony cushion scale populations in cooler coastal areas. New record of Icerya purchasi in one year old seedlings of Albizia procera (Roxb.) Plant Protection Science. Watson G W, Malumphy C P, 2004. Injurious and beneficial insects of California. Horticultural Journal. Beardsley JW, 1966. Caltagirone and Doutt (1989) suggested that these plants (with residual populations of the scale) provide permanent sources of vedalia that will disperse into new infestations of scale on citrus and bring them under control. Kollár J, Bakay L, Pástor M, 2016. and Cryptochaetum iceryae Will., in southern California. Gill RJ, 1993. First record of the cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi (Hemiptera, Monophlebidae) in Slovakia - short communication. Good control was achieved when applied alone or with 0.5% mineral oil (Peleg, 1989). Online Database Icerya purchasi Maskell, 1878 Summary: An online database that provides taxonomic information, common names, synonyms and geographical jurisdiction of a species. © Copyright 2020 CAB International. Native to Australia. v + 141 pp. In areas with extreme winters, which kill off the vedalia populations, periodic re-introduction has been necessary. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2003). Malumphy C, 2013. Specimen record from the collection in the Natural History Museum (London, UK)., London, UK: Natural History Museum (London). This is the primary dispersal stage. 52 (3), 217-219. http://www.agriculturejournals.cz/publicFiles/187985.pdf, Malumphy C, 2013. Peck S B, Heraty J, Landry B, Sinclair B J, 1998. Cottony cushion scale (I. purchasi); cluster of adults on a twig, Nairobi, Kenya. Agricultural Handbook. A new report of Icerya purchasi Maskell (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) as a pest of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Icerya purchasi. Cocciniglie. Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan: Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute. EPPO, 2020. No wings. 4 (1), 29-32. Peleg BA, 1989. (Cocciden-arten in Brandenburg.) Biota Neotropica. It is the only species of Icerya present in Florida. In: Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, Wallingford, UK: CAB International. Caltagirone LE; Doutt RL, 1989. ACIAR Monograph No. IAR Newsletter of Agricultural Research. 7 (3), 61-65. http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v7n3/en/fullpaper?bn00507032007+en DOI:10.1590/S1676-06032007000300006. (Proteaceae) in Australia. In: Technical Document No. Details about Icerya purchasi Maskell Burmite Myanmar Burmese Amber insect fossil dinosaur age See original listing. 21. Part 3: the soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. The polyphagous Margarodidae, Icerya purchasi Maskell, is one of the most abun-dant insects found in the orchards of the Azo-res islands. Papadopoulou S; Chryssohoides C, 2012. Bennett F D, Alam M M, 1985. Hua FM; Ni LC; Jin MX, 1999. Insects of Micronesia, Homoptera: Coccoidea. 124 pp. Culik MP; Martins Ddos S; Ventura JA; Peronti ALBG; Gullan PJ; Kondo T, 2007. Another natural control, the fly, Cryptochaetum iceryae, has also been used. 39-66, 127-158. Russo A; Longo S; Matteo G, 2003. The brownish adult (3 mm long) produces a white ridged cottony egg sack that is attached to her rear (6 mm long). American Entomologist, 44(4):218-236; 34 ref. Environmental Entomology. Cottony cushion scale infestation on acacia trees. The cottony cushion scale was described by Maskell (1878) from specimens sent to him by Dr. Purchas from Auckland, New Zealand. Icerya is a genus of scale insects in the family Monophlebidae.It is named after physician-naturalist Dr. Edmond Icery of British Mauritius.. Hermaphroditism. In: The scale insects of the tropical South Pacific region. (Les cochemilles de Corse (Hemiptera, Coccoidea)). The mature females (actually hermaphrodites) have bright orange-red, yellow, or brown bodies (Ebeling 1959). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. Early nymphal stage of the cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell. DOI:10.1111/j.1748-5967.2009.00201.x, Russo A, Longo S, Matteo G, 2003. Rocca M, Greco N M, Mareggiani G S, 2009. In: EPPO Global database, Paris, France: EPPO. Watson G W, Ooi P A C, Girling D J, 1995. Indian Forester. http://www.unict.it/dipartimenti/biologia_animale/webnatur/insetti/omotteri/coccoidea.htm, Schönfeld U, 2015. Female body oval-shaped and red-brown with black legs. Quezada JR; DeBach P, 1973. First record of the cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi (Hemiptera, Monophlebidae) in Slovakia - short communication. Specimen record from the collection in the Natural History Museum (London, UK)., London, UK: Natural History Museum (London). In the Spanish citrus industry, it is important to only use pesticides when absolutely necessary to ensure that the biological control agents of the citrus pests are not significantly injured; side-effect testing of pesticides on the control agents has been routinely carried out in Spain for many years (Jacas Miret and Garcia Mari, 2001). The host was kangaroo acacia and the insect was named for Dr. Purchas. 1901. Cottony cushion scale infestation on acacia trees. Population decline of Galapagos endemic Lepidoptera on Volcan Alcedo (Isabela Island, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador): an effect of the introduction of the cottony cushion scale? In 1888, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) imported various natural enemies from Australia, including the vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis. In 1893, the owners of a nursery in Keene, Florida (Pinellas County) sent an inquiry to someone in California about the possibility of the vedalia beetle (a ladybug) being used to control other scale insects in Florida. The scale insects of California. Benth. Une surprenante infestation de la cochenille australienne Icerya purchasi Maskell en plein Paris [Hemiptera, Margarodidae]. Israel Journal of Entomology, 29:261-264. Foldi I, 2003. 42 (1), 148-149. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2338 DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.2012.02535.x. http://www.unict.it/dipartimenti/biologia_animale/webnatur/insetti/omotteri/coccoidea.htm. Washington DC, USA: Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 480:132-135. NHM, 1971. First report of cottony-cushion scale (Icerya purchasi) on red berried mistletoe (Viscum cruciatum). Side-effects of pesticides on selected natural enemies occurring in citrus in Spain. The control of Icerya purchasi on citrus in California at the end of the 19th century by the ladybird beetle, Rodolia cardinalis, was one of the first successes of biological control (Photo 5). (Une surprenante infestation de la cochenille Australienne Icerya purchasi Maskell en plein Paris [Hemiptera, Margarodidae].). Figure 4. Wallingford, UK: CABI, Culik M P, Martins D dos S, Ventura J A, Peronti A L B G, Gullan P J, Kondo T, 2007. The scale insect also infests native and other trees. Hilgardia, 41(20):631-688. Studies in inland California (Quezada and DeBach, 1973) have shown that the two natural enemies seasonally share their prey in different proportions and are fairly even in their competitive abilities, Rodolia usually taking more prey during summer and autumn and Cryptochaetum taking more during winter and early spring. The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. Icerya purchasi Maskell Burmite Myanmar Burmese Amber insect fossil dinosaur age: Condition: New. Waterhouse D F, 1993. Damage is mostly caused by sap depletion; the shoots dry up, defoliation occurs and branches or whole trees may die. After three molts the adult begins to deposit eggs and secrete the conspicuous egg sac. The vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant), was introduced into California in 1888 for the biological control of the cottony cushion scale (DeBach 1973). Cottony cushion scale is most frequently collected on Citrus and Pittosporum in Florida. Phytoparasitica, 19(2):103-112. Decreased tree vitality, fruit drop, and defoliation result from the feeding of this scale. Weeden CR, Shelton AM, Li Y, Hoffman MP. Washington DC, USA: Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. In: Vogt H, Vinuela E, eds. Salisbury A; Booth RG, 2004. 1878. Gill RJ, 1993. At that time only one other species was known in the genus Icerya(Maskell 1878). Specimen record from the collection in the Natural History Museum (London, UK)., London, UK: Natural History Museum (London).