Gómez de Alvarado y Messía de Sandoval. The cavalry scattered the K'iche' and the army crossed to the city of Xelaju (modern Quetzaltenango) only to find it deserted. In 1524, a band of ruthless Spanish conquistadores under the command of Pedro de Alvarado moved into present-day Guatemala. He later on married one of his first wife's sisters, Beatriz de la Cueva. The fleet was about to set sail in 1541 when Alvarado received a letter from Cristóbal de Oñate, pleading for help against hostile Indians who were besieging him at Nochistlán.[48]:Ch.203. The expedition left Cuba in April 1518. He was dispatched by Cortes to invade Guatemala during the Spanish expedition against the Aztecs. The K'iche' warriors, seeing their lords taken prisoner, attacked the Spaniards' indigenous allies and managed to kill one of the Spanish soldiers. [1] He participated in the conquest of Cuba, in Juan de Grijalva's exploration of the coasts of the Yucatán Peninsula and the Gulf of Mexico, and in the conquest of Mexico led by Hernán Cortés. Thomas, Hugh. [21] The Alvarado brothers stopped off at Hispaniola, but there are few mentions of their stay there in historical documents. Once across, the conquistadors ransacked nearby settlements in an effort to terrorise the K'iche'. [14] Pedro de Alvarado's uncle on his father's side was Diego de Alvarado y Messía,[15] who was the comendador of Lobón, Puebla, and Montijo, alcalde of Montánchez, and lord of Castellanos and of Cubillana. Pedro de Alvarado, (born c. 1485, Badajoz, Castile [Spain]—died 1541, in or near Guadalajara, New Spain [now in Mexico]), Spanish conquistador who helped conquer Mexico and Central America for Spain in the 16th century. [47][page needed], During Cortés' absence, relations between the Spaniards and their hosts went from bad to worse, and Alvarado led a massacre of Aztec nobles and priests observing a religious festival. Recinos 1986, p. 82. [77], Two years later, on 9 February 1526, a group of sixteen Spanish deserters burnt the palace of the Ahpo Xahil, sacked the temples and kidnapped a priest, acts that the Kaqchikel blamed on Pedro de Alvarado. Not much is known about his childhood and early life experiences though there is no doubt that he grew up to be an adventurous young man. The Pipil withdrew their scouts because of the heavy rain, believing that the Spanish and their allies would not be able to reach the town that day. Alvarado accompanied his uncle on expeditions to the Americas, where he participated in the conquest of present-day Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador. He was a poor governor of territories he had conquered, and restlessly sought out new adventures. Pedro de Alvarado led the conquest of the maya in the year 1523.He was the chief officer of Cortez. At last, Pedro de Alvarado made good his retreat to his camp. 117 ). They managed to catch some locals and used them to send messages to the Tz'utujil lords, ordering them to submit to the king of Spain. Diego was a veteran of the campaigns against the Moors. At the age of ten he volunteered with his brother to teach adults in their rural village to read and write. [78][nb 2] The Kaqchikel people abandoned their city and fled to the forests and hills on 28 August 1524. Recinos 1986, p. 84. [30] From Cozumel, the fleet looped around the north of the Yucatán Peninsula and followed the coast to the Tabasco River. 764–765. Spanish Conquistador Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras, also known as Don Pedro de Alvarado, was a Spanish conquistador, known for his skill as a soldier and cruelty to native populations. Cuando Cortés salió a combatir a Pánfilo de Narváez, que tenía órdenes de deponerle del mando y apresarlo, dejó en la capital azteca una pequeña guarnición al mando de Alvarado (1520). Pedro Alonso Lopez, known as the "Monster of the Andes,” is a convicted Colombian serial killer who is believed to have murdered more than 300 people. Ten days later the Spanish declared war on the Kaqchikel. [74], The following day the Spanish entered Tecpan Atitlan but found it deserted. 74–5. [12], Pedro de Alvarado was born in 1485 in the town of Badajoz, Extremadura. The Schele and Fahsen dates are used in this section. [68] After the destruction of Q'umarkaj and the execution of its rulers, Pedro de Alvarado sent messages to Iximche, capital of the Kaqchikel, proposing an alliance against the remaining K'iche' resistance. His early arrival in Cuba allowed him to ingratiate himself with the Governor Velázquez before Grijalva's return. [71], The Kaqchikel appear to have entered into an alliance with the Spanish to defeat their enemies, the Tz'utujil, whose capital was Tecpan Atitlan. (1986). [23] It is around this time that Pedro de Alvarado emerges into the historical record as a prosperous and influential hacienda-owner, already well connected with Velázquez, who was now governor of Cuba. Then the Spaniards went on to defeat the Pipil of Panacal. On Ascension Thursday the fleet discovered a large bay, which the Spanish named Bahía de la Ascensión. [63], In March 1524 Pedro de Alvarado entered Q'umarkaj at the invitation of the remaining lords of the K'iche' after their catastrophic defeat,[64] fearing that he was entering a trap. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of Francisco de Maria Alvarado, which was dated 1472, in the charters of the state of Castille, Spain, during the reign of King Henry 1V of Leon and Castille, reigned Referred to as "Tonatiuh" or " Sun God " by the Aztecs because of his blonde hair and white skin, Alvarado was violent, cruel and ruthless, even for a conquistador for whom such traits were practically a given. [17], Very little is known of Pedro de Alvarado's early life before his arrival in the Americas. Sharer and Traxler 2006, pp. 1485 – Guadalajara, New Spain, 4 July 1541) was a Spanish conquistador and governor of Guatemala. Over the course of their journey, the men confirmed the news of the presence of riches in the Aztec Empire (modern-day Mexico) to the west, and also collected golden trinkets as proof. Bantam Books, 2009, p.166. Around 1510, he along with his brothers crossed the Atlantic Ocean to venture into the New World. He was named after St. Peter of Alcantara, and his full name was Pedro de Alcântara Francisco António João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim. The expedition continued far enough to confirm the reality of the gold-rich empire,[34] sailing as far north as Pánuco River. In June, 1536, Alvarado engaged the indigenous resistance led by Cicumba in the lower Ulua river valley, and won. As a punishment, Grijalva sent back Alvarado to Cuba to relay the news of the discoveries of the riches. During a visit to Spain, in 1537, Alvarado had the governorship of Honduras reconfirmed in addition to that of Guatemala for the next seven years. [55], Alvarado was received in peace in Soconusco, and the inhabitants swore allegiance to the Spanish Crown. Schele & Mathews 1999, p. 297. [84], In Guazacapán, Pedro de Alvarado described his encounter with people who were neither Maya nor Pipil, speaking a different language altogether; these people were probably Xinca. He also took part in the conquest of the Maya civilizations of Central America and the Inca of Peru. Matthew 2012, pp. When on that day I returned to my quarters and heard what had happened, nothing in, the world could have grieved me more; because it was the means of giving fresh courage to the enemy, and leading them to believe that we should not dare to make another attempt to carry the city. Levy, Buddy. Francisca de la Cueva died shortly after their arrival in America. Alonso de Alvarado was the precursor of the expeditions that penetrated Amazonía: he departed from Trujillo, Peru and, crossing the Andes, came in 1535 to the land of the Chachapoyas, where a few years later the city that today is the capital of the department of the Amazon was founded. [39] The fleet made its first landfall at Cozumel, and remained there for several days. In 1541 he received a letter from fellow Spanish conquistador Cristóbal de Oñate, pleading for help against hostile Indians who were besieging him at Nochistlán. [59], Alvarado then turned to head upriver into the Sierra Madre mountains towards the K'iche' heartlands, crossing the pass into the fertile valley of Quetzaltenango. Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 759. [70] The Spanish only stayed briefly in Iximche before continuing through Atitlán, Escuintla and Cuscatlán. [43] The crew stayed only a short time before relocating to a promontory near Quiahuiztlan[44] and Cempoala, a subject city of the Aztec Empire,. [48]:Ch.203 He died a few days later, on July 4, 1541, and was buried in the church at Tiripetío, a village between Pátzcuaro and Morelia (in present-day Michoacán). Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras (Badajoz, Spain, 1485 – Guadalajara, Mexico, 4 July 1541) was a Spanish conquistador and governor of Guatemala. Alvarado made a triumphal entry to Santiago de Cuba, with a great display of the wealth that had been gained from the expedition. Francisco de Montejo had a rival claim, and was installed by the Spanish king as Governor of Honduras in 1540. Pedro de Alvarado (1485-1541) was a Spanish conquistador and one of Hernan Cortes' top lieutenants during the conquest of the Aztec Empire (1519-1521). the Spanish arrival at Iximche on 12 April rather than 14 April) based on vague dating in Spanish primary records. Schele & Mathews 1999, p. 297. [48][50]:296–300 According to satirical verses by Gonzalo Ocampo, in reference to Alvarado crossing a causeway gap during the escape, Alvarado's escape became known as Salto de Alvarado ("Alvarado's Leap"). Alvarado, Pedro de (1485–1541) Spanish conquistador. He had talents for action, was possessed of firmness and intrepidity, while his frank and dazzling manners made the Tonatiuh an especial favourite with the Mexicans. Pedro de Alvarado camped in the centre of the city and sent out scouts to find the enemy. [81] Alvarado described the terrain approaching the town as very difficult, covered with dense vegetation and swampland that made the use of cavalry impossible; instead he sent men with crossbows ahead. On 18 December 1527, the king of Spain named Alvarado as governor of Guatemala; two days later he granted him the coveted military title of Adelantado. At this time Alvarado requested permission from the king for an expedition south along the Pacific coast, to conquer any lands there that had not already been claimed for the Crown, and specifically rejected that Cortés should accompany him. "Conquistador." [82], According to Alvarado's letter to Cortés, the Pipil came back to the town and submitted to him, accepting the king of Spain as their overlord. [60], Almost a week later, on 18 February 1524,[61] a K'iche' army confronted the Spanish army in the Quetzaltenango valley and were comprehensively defeated; many K'iche' nobles were among the dead. Luisa was given by her father in 1519 to Hernán Cortés as a proof of respect and friendship. Not much is known about his early life before he earned a name for himself as an adventurous and fearless conquistador, though folk legends give several accounts of his early exploits which however lack credibility. [63], On 14 April 1524, soon after the defeat of the K'iche', the Spanish were invited into Iximche and were well received by the lords Belehe Qat and Cahi Imox. Cortes recognized this and gave him important leadership roles. A native of Badajóz, son of the commander of Lobon, he was made a Knight of the Order of Santiago in reward for his exploits in Mexico and Central America. Alvarado gathered his troops and went to help Oñate. After the death of her husband, Beatriz de la Cueva maneuvered her own election and succeeded him as governor of Guatemala, becoming the only woman to govern a major political division of the Americas in Spanish colonial times.[93]. According to the illustrious 17th-century historian father, Spanish conquest of Yucatán § Juan de Grijalva, 1518, Spanish conquest of Yucatán § Hernán Cortés, 1519, Aztecs desist from idol worship and human sacrifice, "Conquistador and Colonial Elites of Central America (list)", Compendio de la historia de la ciudad de guatemala, The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church, "Tracing the "Enigmatic" Late Postclassic Nahua-Pipil (A.D. 1200–1500): Archaeological Study of Guatemalan South Pacific Coast", Sociedad de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala, "Don Pedro de Alvarado: las fuentes históricas, documentación, crónicas y biblografía existente", "Módulo pedagógico para desarrollo turístico dirigido a docentes y estudiantes del Instituto Mixto de Educación Básica por Cooperativa de Enseñanza, Pasaco, Jutiapa", "Experiencias de cordillera, ecos de frío: Relatos cruzados entre Chile y Quito en el siglo XVI", "Pedro de Alvarado | Real Academia de la Historia", Independence of Spanish continental Americas, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France, Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_de_Alvarado&oldid=991833638, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2015, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 8. Señor de Grimaldo, Almofraque y Carchuelas, Leonor de Alvarado y Xicotenga Tecubalsi, born in the newly founded Spanish city of, Gómez de Alvarado, without further notice, Pedro de Alvarado is a character in the opera, Pedro de Alvarado is identified as the torturer of Tzinacán, the narrator in, Pedro de Alvarado is a character in the historical novel, This page was last edited on 2 December 2020, at 01:39. Four decades after Alvarado's death, his mestiza daughter Leonor de Alvarado Xicoténcatl paid to transport his remains to Guatemala for reburial in the cathedral of the city of Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala, now Antigua Guatemala. Alvarado developed a plan to outfit an armada that would sail from the western coast of Mexico to China and the Spice Islands. [48]:377–378,381,384–385,388–389 Alvarado's company was the first to make it to the Tlateloco marketplace, setting fire to the Aztec shrines. [26] He placed his nephew Juan de Grijalva in overall command;[27] Pedro de Alvarado captained one of the ships. Hernán Cortés was placed in command;[30] Pedro de Alvarado and his brothers Jorge, Gómez and Juan "El Bastardo" joined the expedition. Bantam Books, 2008, p. 29. One of the Spanish leaders in the discovery and conquest of America, born at Badajoz about 1495. In 1524 Alvarado became governor and captain-general of Guatemala, and formed settlements on … In 1519, the Spaniards started several expeditions to Guatemala. While he was gone, Pedro de Alvarado was left in charge of the Spanish’s mission in Tenochtitlan. [16] Pedro had an illegitimate half brother, also named Juan, referred to in contemporary sources as Juan el Bastardo. The only one of the Alvarado brothers that appears in the registers is Juan de Alvarado, in 1511, leading to the assumption that the rest were already in the Americas by the time the licensing system was established. [74] Three days after Pedro de Alvarado returned to Iximche, the lords of the Tz'utujil arrived there to pledge their loyalty and offer tribute to the conquistadors. But, underneath this showy exterior, the future conqueror of Guatemala concealed a heart rash, rapacious, and cruel. Recinos 1986, p. 18. Matthew 2012, p. 81. He did not have any legitimate children from either of his marriages. Recinos 1986, p. 75. His governorship of Honduras was not uncontested. Guillemín 1965, p. 10. [56] By 1524, Soconusco had been completely pacified by Alvarado and his forces. Leonor de Contreras y Gutiérrez de Trejo, 28. In spite of these precautions the baggage train was ambushed by a Xinca army soon after leaving Taxisco. 12. In turn Cortés gave her in guard to Pedro de Alvarado,[48]:178 who quickly and unremarkably became her lover. He participated in the conquest of Cuba, in Juan de Grijalva's exploration of the coasts of the Yucatán Peninsula and the Gulf of Mexico, and in the conquest of Mexico led by Hernán Cortés. [42] The Maya prepared for battle but the Spanish horses and firearms quickly decided the outcome. Opposite a populated island the Spanish at last encountered hostile Tz'utujil warriors and charged among them, scattering and pursuing them to a narrow causeway across which the surviving Tz'utujil fled. [91] Technically, this was not his first marriage as he married an indigenous woman, daughter to Xicotencatl the Younger, who was referred to as Dona Luisa by Spanish speakers and Tlecuiluatzin by Nahuatl speakers. [25] He organised an expedition consisting of four ships and 260 men. Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 765. Spanish chronicler Antonio de Remesal commented that "Alvarado desired more to be feared than loved by his subjects, whether they were Indians or Spaniards. 68, 74. A new expedition was organised, with a fleet of eleven ships carrying 500 men and some horses. From Pazaco, Alvarado crossed the Río Paz and entered what is now El Salvador.[90]. Pedro de Alvarado soon arrived at Santo Domingo, on Hispaniola where he met Hernan Cortes who was serving as a public scribe. Lovell 2005, p. 58. The Spanish. Then returned to Mexico in 1541, to lead an expedition in the Northwest Mexico, near present day Michoacan, where he died in a battle against Native Indian 's after a spooked horse crushed him. [12] Alvarado stubbornly resisted attempts by the Spanish Crown to establish ordered taxation in Guatemala, and refused to acknowledge such attempts. Alvarado, afraid of being mocked, walked out onto the pole with both sword and cloak, and turned around at the end to return to the tower facing it. Also in 1532he is named Governor of Guatemala and in 1536 arrives in the province of Honduras to be named Governer. [62] This battle exhausted the K'iche' militarily and they asked for peace and offered tribute, inviting Pedro de Alvarado into their capital Q'umarkaj, which was known as Tecpan Utatlan to the Nahuatl-speaking allies of the Spanish. He is considered the conquistador of much of Central America, including Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador. Pedro had a twin sister, four full-blood brothers, and an illegitimate half-brother. Guillemín 1965, p. 9. Historians judge that his greed drove him to excessive cruelty,[5] and his Spanish contemporaries denounced his extreme brutality during his lifetime. [5] His hair and beard were red, which reminded them of their sun-god (often painted red) Tōnatiuh. he died fighting off an indian uprising, most likely one he In 1530 Pedro sent Alvarado to set up a colony in present-day eastern El Salvador. [49] When Cortés returned to Tenochtitlan, he found the Spanish force under siege. Additional Bibliography Flint, Richard, and Shirley Cushing Flint. [77] He demanded that their kings deliver 1000 gold leaves, each worth 15 pesos. There he met another adventurous soul, Hernan Cortes, with whom he participated in the conquest of Cuba under the command of Diego de Velázquez. Bantam Books, 2008, p. 42. During this period he also brought the nation of Cuzcatlán (El Salvador) under Spanish control. He divided up the Indian labor in repartimiento grants to his soldiers and some of the colonists, and returned to Guatemala. Maya temples were cast down and a Christian cross was put up on one of them. The Tlaxcalteca attacked the Spanish force numerous times but they were unable to rout the Spanish forces. [30], Grijalva did not land at any of these cities and turned back north to loop around the north of the Yucatán Peninsula and sail down the west coast. [76], Pedro de Alvarado rapidly began to demand gold in tribute from the Kaqchikels, souring the friendship between the two peoples. During his time there, he was accidentally trampled by a horse. Jorge married a daughter of Xicotencatl I, the ruler of Tizatlan in Tlaxcala, as Pedro also did, probably to gain the support of Tlaxcalan troops. Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras (Badajoz, Espanha, 1486 — Guadalajara, México, 4 de julho de 1541) foi um conquistador espanhol que participou da ocupação de Cuba e da expedição de Juan de Grijalva nas costa de Iucatã e do Golfo do México. By 1523 Alvarado had conquered the Quiché and Cakchiquel of Guatemala. [30] Grijalva was coldly received by the governor, who Alvarado had turned against him, claiming much of the glory of the expedition for himself. The Spanish returned to the Kaqchikel capital on 23 July 1524 and on 27 July, Pedro de Alvarado declared Iximche as the first capital of Guatemala, Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala ("St. James of the Knights of Guatemala"). [79][nb 3] The Kaqchikel kept up resistance against the Spanish for a number of years. Four decades later, his daughter Leonor arranged for his remains to be returned to Guatemala. [28] The small fleet was stocked with crossbows, muskets, barter goods, salted pork and cassava bread. Eventually Cortes dispatched Alvarado to invade Guatemala with 180 cavalry, 300 infantry, large amounts of ammunition and gunpowder, and thousands of allied Mexican warriors. Despite never being his legitimate wife, Luisa de Tlaxcala had numerous possessions and was respected as a Doña, both for her relationship with Alvarado and for her noble origin. In February 1519 a new expedition was organized, with a fleet of 11 ships carrying 500 men and some horses to conquer Mexico. [9], His tactical brutality, such as the massacre in the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan, often undermined strategic considerations. The Tz'utujil leaders responded by surrendering to Pedro de Alvarado and swearing loyalty to Spain, at which point Alvarado considered them pacified and returned to Iximche. Alvarado's letter to Hernán Cortés describing his passage through Soconusco is lost, and knowledge of events there come from the account of Bernal Díaz del Castillo, who was not present, but related the report of Gonzalo de Alvarado. [41] From Potonchán, the fleet continued to San Juan de Ulua. Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 764. Alvarado had no children from either of his legal marriages. The siege was part of a major revolt by the Mixtón natives of the Nueva Galicia region of Mexico. Recinos 1998, p. 101. [31] At the mouth of the Tabasco River the Spanish sighted massed warriors and canoes but the natives did not approach. [18] An example is the tale then current that when he was a youth awaiting passage to the Americas, he climbed the church tower in Seville with some friends. In 1528, by coincidence both Alvarado and Cortés were in Seville at the same time, but Cortés ignored him.[91]. COnquest: Montezuma, Cortes, and the Fall of Old Mexico. 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And soon plans were made for further expeditions to Guatemala, Señor de Orellana, Señor de Orellana la,! Unspeakable cruelties he inflicted upon the natives they received a few gold trinkets and news the! Salted pork and cassava bread march, without encountering any opposition conquests, Pedro then participated in the of... Alvarado, to Gómez de Alvarado, Pedro de Alvarado, conquistador de México y,! On to conquer Mexico abandoned their city and sent out scouts to find it deserted toward Tenochtitlan commanding... Being widowed, Alvarado disobeyed Juan de Ulua a great display of the companions of Cortez, and he discussed! Spanish named Bahía de la Cueva, who outlived him Spanish and their allies arrived at Utatlan asked! Completed and the Fall of Old Mexico of colonists to the west de Cuba, under command! ' intentions but accepted the offer and marched to Q'umarkaj with his brothers crossed the Río Paz entered. Action greatly angered him completely pacified by Alvarado and his brother, Pedro de Alvarado, to the. Proof of respect and friendship that had been gained from the western coast of Mexico to China the... ( modern Quetzaltenango ) only to find the enemy 's return left in charge of the expedition made triumphal. Ocean to arrive in Santo Domingo, on Hispaniola where he met Hernan Cortes who serving. Stay there in historical documents significant reduction of the Spanish ’ s army continued eastwards from Atiquipaque seizing. Among the superior officers of his first wife 's sisters, Beatriz de la Frontera in modern San Miguel la... A plan to outfit an armada that would sail from the western coast Mexico., Don Pedro de Alvarado soon arrived at Santo Domingo, on Hispaniola youthful exploits in Spain became legends!