I admire Baruth’s style and POV (anti-journosaur), though not his choice of car brand (Audi, Porsche), or colour (s-lime green, anyone?). An even less pragmatic but remarkably practical and effective American vehicle was the Stout Scarab (above). I too have known about the Airflow for years; but this is the first one I have seen in person. The evolution of aerodynamics for LSR cars was remarkably rapid, as this Stanley Steamer Rocket of 1906 evidently shows. Given below is the brief description on F1 history. A remarkable achievement, the long-tailed T77 was powered by a rear air-cooled V8, and began a long series of Tatras until the 1980’s along similar lines. BTW, what was/is your handle at TTAC? Youtube would be a good resource for this…. A pre-war luxury Panhard, check. Until the gas went nutso over the roof, and the same time the credit crunch happens, quickly changed peoples’ driving habit. And the increase in speed was even more dramatic: the Rocket broke the 200km barrier, with a run of 205.44 kmh (127.66  mph). But one can dream. The limitation of these cars is like the Castagna Alfa, they were re-bodied conventional cars with frames, front engines and RWD. “Bil” is the Swedish name for “car”. This Volkswagen prototype from 1934 (above) shows a very strong resemblance to the cribbed Tatra v570, with the benefit of some further refinement. Where to stop? The Model 3, when tested, clocked a 0.21 drag coefficient. Unlike the impractical and heavy Castagna Alfa, the Rumpler was as dramatically different (and influential) for its completely integrated and original design and engineering. What If The Volkswagen Beetle Had A Front Engine. The first of these, the T77, arrived in 1934 (below): The T77 was measured to have a Cd of .212, a number that was not broken by a production car until GM’s EV-1 of 1995, which measured at .195. My retrospective of Tatra is here. This, combined with a wider body, dramatically improved interior space and accommodations. Having successfully applied this know-how in racing cars and record-attempt vehicles, Mercedes-Benz gradually transferred it to its series-production models, the 540 K streamlined saloon of 1938 marking one of the milestones in this aerodynamic evolution. It is used in most of the cars today specially in race cars because there is more need of aerodynamics in high speeds cars. Aerodynamics have become one of the cornerstones of several sports today. Aerodynamics is the science of airflow over airplanes, cars, buildings, and other objects. The resemblance of the production KdF Wagen to Tjaarda’s 1934 prototype, especially certain details of the front end, seem like a bit too much of an accident. Ever. Experimental Aerodynamics Car streamlining •!As aerodynamic principles became available to car engineers, the concept of streamlining was developed. But this had relatively more to do with style (and even affectation) than a genuine effort to push the envelope in terms of leading edge aerodynamics. The first of several prototypes also saw the light of day in 1933, in the midst of this fertile period on both side of the Atlantic. Thank you Paul. [Note: A significantly expanded and updated version of this article can be found here]. Perhaps not very “mainstream”, but the SAAB 93 of the late ’50s claimed a Cd of 0.29. It was one of the first mid engined race car and with it’s aerodynamic design, it looks a lot like the Auto Union Type C which had its debut a full 12 years later. The Russians took the Schlörwagen as war booty and conducted tests as a propeller driven vehicle. I’ve just seen the new Metropolis version with the original footage from 1927 that has been missing till now…they used lots of Tropfenwagen in order to create a futuristic look for their city…and it still works (they even burned one…I almost cried). And the increase in speed was even more dramatic: the Rocket broke the 200km barrier, with a run of 205.44 kmh (127.66  mph). But the first freeways were already being built in Germany, and improvements in US roads, including the first parkways and freeways were taking place. The compact Tatra v570 of 1933 (above) is the forerunner of both the larger Tatras soon to come, and obviously of the Volkswagen. The Dymaxion also had a rear Ford V8, but with a tricycle carriage and rear wheel steering, which allowed it to turn on the length of its body. To demonstrate just how far the aerodynamic envelope was pushed in this golden decade of streamlining, this 1939 Schlörwagen prototype was tested originally at Cd .186, and a model of it was retested by VW in the seventies with a Cd of .15. That brings back memories of Bob Lutz stating that the Volt concept would have had better aerodynamics if they put it in the wind tunnel backwards. F1 car racing has astounding number of followers in all parts of the world. Not surprisingly, there was no legal conflict in using the name. Flush windows, more aerodynamic mirrors, and smaller grille openings can make huge differences. That air presented the greatest obstacle to automotive speed and economy was understood at least intuitively, if not fully scientifically since before dawn of the automobile. I have no memory of encountering any reference to it before. The B5 Passat had .28 Cd in 1998, not 1988. Again, fascinating articles! When I started this article, I assumed it was the earlier one transplanted to CC. It’s important to remember that Cd is a coefficient, and denotes the relative aerodynamic slipperiness of a body, regardless of its overall size. In common with many of the cars featured … The ’57 300, and the Airflow. Awesome, enlightening stuff. Hungarian-born Paul Jaray used his experience working in the aeronautical field, especially designing Zeppelins, to develop a specific formula for automotive aerodynamic design principles that lead to a patent, applied for in 1922 and issued in 1927. Limousines, sedans, coupes, convertibles — including an electric hardtop version — were proposed. This is probably how the car could fall end over end off a cliff and then drive away without even any broken glass. Mercedes (above), Opel, Maybach (below), and numerous other makes, primarily German, built special streamliner versions using Jaray bodies. I’ll add it to a revision of the text. But getting there was not without turbulence. It reduces drag on a golf ball, but would increase drag on a more aerodynamic shape like an airplane (Cd around .02). It appears I’ve been answered. Can’t be much of a coincidence, I’m guessing. An ironic ending for Rumpler, but his ideas spawned imitations and extensions world-wide, and opened the whole field. A true pioneer. A good, concise article on early automotive aerodynamics, worthy of a Wikipedia entry. http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v724/NeilBlanchard/Schlr-SideProfile.jpg Bring a Trailer just highlighted a Tatra. Is the DS going to appear in the next installment? A brick of any size has a Cd of 1.0; a bullet about .295. Although the visual cues are not really as significant as they might appear to us now, because these were the leading-edge design elements of the time, and widely imitated or shared, on both side of the Atlantic. road car. The smoothest, cleanest ovoid profiles can create excessive lift at high speeds (envision an airborne early-model Audi TT here). The Tropfenwagen was tested in VW’s wind tunnel in 1979, and achieved a remarkable Coefficient of drag (Cd) of .28; a degree of slipperiness that VW’s Passat wouldn’t equal until 1988. •!Hence, several drop-shaped cars made their appearance, starting just after WWI. Very beautiful streamlined bodies that also incorporated advanced engineering. This Volkswagen prototype from 1934 (above) shows a very strong resemblance to the Tatra v570 indeed, with the benefit of some further refinement. It turns out that Erwin Komenda, who actually penned most of Porsche’s design and the KdF Wagem, visited the US in 1934, saw Tjaarda’s prototype, and admits being influenced by it. Exciting and beautiful. Your email address will not be published. http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v724/NeilBlanchard/Schlor-FrontView.jpg Anyway, it was a lot of fun and I wish I had this article available when I was teaching that. I’ve known about the Schlörwagen for a few years now (the folks at EcoModder.com are big fans of aerodynamics!) Presumably in the 20s they were interested in aero because the engines of the time tended to be a bit short on power. Like all the first batch of LSR holders, it was an EV. A fascinating read – it’s a coffe table-sized book with lots of text – not only nice to look at but nice to actually read, too. Very slick. That brings back memories of Bob Lutz stating that the Volt concept would have had better aerodynamics if they put it in the wind tunnel backwards. The efforts to do so yielded some of the more remarkable cars ever made, even if they challenged the aesthetic assumptions of their times. Progress is not always linear. Sorry, no quick link. That would not be bettered until 1924, and not until 2009 for steam powered vehicles. The commentators there were, well, eager to lump everything into Libs vs Dems vs Reps vs younameit; that put me off. I appears to have  Isetta-type front doors for the front seat passengers. Meant this to be a reply to Dan above, who asks, “So why are modern streamlined cars so ugly if streamlined cars from the 1930s are so handsome?”. His approach was influential, and numerous companies used Jaray licensed bodies during the streamliner craze that unfolded in the early thirties. I appears to have  Isetta-type front doors for the front seat passengers. And the increase in speed was even more dramatic: the Rocket broke the 200km barrier, with a run of 205.44 kmh (127.66 mph). One of the most influential and lasting designers of the whole era was Austrian Hans Ledwinka. This was a man who built a glider that never flew, and almost took flying lessons in Dayton, Ohio in 1910 from the Wrights, but couldn’t get the almost $1000 together. Vintage Snapshots: Exploring the Southwest and Mexico in a 1953 Ford, Curbside Classic – 1958 Chevrolet Delray Two Door Sedan, eBay Classic: 1957 Plymouth Belvedere Sedan – Fairest Among Ten Thousand. Built on the chassis of the rear-engine Mercedes 170H, it was substantially faster as well as 20% to 40% more fuel efficient than its donor car. This reduced aero drag but placed the CP (center of pressure) far forward and the CG (center of gravity) far aft. Of all the cars, two stood out. If I could purchase one car to show in a classic car meet, it would be the Tatra 77. Porsche/ VW settled with Tatra in 1961. Great article, Paul. History & Evolution of Aerodynamic In CarsCar design in 1920:- In the earlier times aerodynamics was not a factor as the cars where traveling at very slow speeds, but with increase of speeds it is necessarily for cars to become more streamlined, which resulted in smooth design and almost all corners of car are rounded off . But still a stunning design. We all need Muscle power, anything smaller than 400 cu ins is kind of considered not quite a car. The La Jamais Contente (The Never Satisfied) was the first automobile to break the 100kmh (62 mph) record, in 1899. In 1936, Peugeot had a handful of 402 sedans rebodied by Andreau, a French disciple of Jaray. An even less pragmatic but highly advanced American vehicle was the Stout Scarab (above). It was also driven around the US in a publicity stunt to create awareness of automotive aerodynamics, as a prelude to the Chrysler Airflow. The championship is today held in accordance with well-formulated rules and regulations, and incredible efficiency. The luftwaffe staff dying of oversteer on the autobahns–Ludwinka’s revenge! A much more radical approaches to streamlining was Buckminster Fuller’s Dymaxion. Paul, After he took over as chief design engineer at the Czech firm Tatra in 1921, he developed the basis of a series of remarkable Tatra cars and eventually streamliners with platform frames, independent suspensions and rear air-cooled engines that were profoundly influential, and essentially set the template of what came to be known as the “streamliner” and influenced cars around the globe for years to come. This fairly radical design became tamed-down for the production 1936 front-engined Lincoln Zephyr. Its important to note that the rise of interest in aerodynamics in the 1930s arose out of the desire to reinvent the automobile from its horse and wagon origins and based on the assumption that average driving speeds would be on the rise with modern highways to come. An introductory approach to define the principles of aerodynamics, which guide the technology of cars. Hopefully he was kidding. It looks very much like a Model A. Lou found it and rescued the car from being humus. I recall reading that due to a mathematical miscalculation, the Airflow’s structure was roughly twice the strength required for the application. Victor. 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You have done again Paul. Jaray’s patent was very influential, and his designs eventually became more mainstream. Citroen DS racing car, check. Rear steering – wow! Anyone? Paul, you’re one of my top favorite car guys. We’ll come back to Tatra later. One of the most influential and lasting designers of the whole era was Austrian Hans Ledwinka. car aerodynamics make the car more safer and make it more fuel efficient. And the increase in speed was even more dramatic: the Rocket broke the 200km barrier, with a run of 205.44 kmh (127.66 mph). I’ve been to the Lane Motor Museum in Nashville, and it’s someplace everyone needs to go. That earned it the nick name of “the Czech secret weapon”. With a mid engine and swing axles at the rear, not only was it the direct ancestor of the legendary Auto-Union racing cars of the thirties, but of all mid-engined racing cars to this day. I wouldn’t call the current VW Passat impractically small, and it’s sold in India. Putting it into practice was quite another story. The first of several prototypes also saw the light of day in 1933, in the midst of this fertile period on both side of the Atlantic. http://www.volkswagen.co.in/en/models/newpassat/gallery.html, well, Europeans haven’t got a Small Car Syndrom, neither have the Asians, they build cars in which they fit in easily… I think American cars are made for the “We Americans are eating too much fastfood so we don’t fit in a normal car anymore” syndrom . Aerodynamics has played an important role in car racing since the late 1960s, when introduction of A SHORT HISTORY OF FLIGHT The theory of aerodynamics is the culmination of the works of many individuals. Mercedes-Benz A-Class. So many died at its hands, that allegedly Hitler forbade his best men to drive them. Other, more exciting design avenues were pursued. I especially like the “Flying Hamburger” – a train in Germany! That was too much of  a break for the symbolism still engendered in the remnants of the classic car prow. The Tropfenwagen was tested in VW’s wind tunnel (below) in 1979, and achieved a Coefficient of drag (Cd) of 0.28; a degree of slipperiness that VW’s Passat wouldn’t equal until 1988. Progress is not always linear. Even though I have a broad knowledge of automotive history, I ALWAYS learn something new. This, combined with a wider body, dramatically improved interior space and accommodations. Needless to say the influence was utterly profound, and gave us some of the most remarkable cars of the late classic era. Tatra became synonymous with the advanced streamliner of the pre-war era, enabling remarkably fast travel (100 mph) on the fledgling Autobahns of the Third Reich. Due to the excessively-heavy bodywork, it turned out to not improve on the top speed of the open Alfa it was based on. The compact Tatra v570 of 1933 (above) is the forerunner of both the larger Tatras soon to come, with its obvious Jaray influence, but not a licensed Jaray. Neil, Air is also considered a fluid in this case. That earned it the nick name of “the Czech secret weapon”. Aerodynamics is a branch of dynamics concerned with the study of the motion of air. Still, we could learn well from the simplicity of these designs…, http://www.amazon.com/Streamline-Era-Robert-Carroll-Reed/dp/0870950533. Early Times These designers didn’t use spoilers and air dams, like modern ones do. Granddaddy sold Chryslers in New York in spring/summer, then drove a company car to Palm Beach to sell them there each winter, and knew Walter Chrysler. Aerodynamics has become a key to success in the sport and teams spend millions of dollars on research and development in the field each year for improving performance. However, it was not like that when it first came into being. The buying public was perceived or conditioned to need change, and the rounded pontoon gave way to ever-more dramatic and flamboyant but aerodynamically blunt designs. They virtually built a roll cage and tacked the panels on no wonder crashing it didnt do any damage race cars are built that way now. One of the regulars is a guy who is a native of the town where Tatras were made. And that’s because aerodynamics play a crucial role in determining the range of an electric car. I go to a fellow E28er’s get together. Another one-off I’ve always liked, is the humorously named “Venus Bilo”. Search for “Mythbusters Clean Car vs. Needless to say the influence was profound, and gave us some of the most remarkable cars of the late classic era. Thanks! The first known attempt at streamlining a passenger car is this Alfa Romeo from 1914, built by the coach builder Castagna for the Italian Count Ricotti. The Airflow. I can’t get enough of these kids of articles right here. The first cars were made before the Wright brother’s era and before the invention of wind tunnel tests. It also explains the particularly strong interest and adoption of streamlining in Germany. Aviation engineer William B. Stout designed this extremely roomy mini-van precursor using  a unitized body structure and a rear Ford V8 engine. But I think it’s strikingly beautiful, in some sort of Scandinavian art deco way. A much more radical approaches to streamlining was Buckminster Fuller’s Dymaxion. What I always found interesting about aerodynamics is how the mainstream automobile industry forgot about them from ~1950 to ~1980. In person they are very nice looking cars. His approach was influential, and numerous companies used Jaray licensed bodies during the streamliner craze that unfolded in the early thirties. Every car guy (or gal) worth their salt should look in awe at any car which sports a dorsal fin on purpose! Anyone with about 6 minutes to spare ought to watch this Youtube video which promoted the safety of the Airflow. Aerodynamic principles are used to find the best ways in which airplanes produce lift, reduce drag, and remain stable (by controlling the shape and size of the wing, the angle at which it is positioned with respect to the airstream, and the flight speed). I just realized how much the Jaray Mercedes resembles a Citroen DS. The above link takes you to a book I bought in 1977. Due to the very heavy bodywork, it turned out to not improve on the top speed of the open Alfa it was based on. It’s 4.8 meters long and has loads of passenger room and a huge trunk. Thank you. Therefore, the designers devote an enormous amount of effort taming the airflow and generating downforce – just as their predecessors did, when this quest first started 35 years ago with the first wings of the Formula 1 cars… Multhopp designed the P.183 and is famous for his T-tail designs. Paul, This is a wonderful series. It was in 1968 that man first orbited the moon in the Apollo 8 spacecraft and it was also 1968 that saw the first wings fastened onto Formula One cars. Here are some clays from about 1933 or so, showing the development of both the smaller VW-like v570 on the right, and the larger streamliners in the rear. Today’s production cars have to meet requirements like cost, safety, comfort. Come check out all the different pictures and details about aerodynamics in race cars explained and so much more. I had to come back here (Article 1) to jump to 3. Early man, being unable to soar into the heavens himself, … One of the first full width pontoon cars. Dunno why I seem familiar, but I only echo what many people feel but don’t say. The Tatra is more attractive than the Porsche. Eventually, all cars would be variations of tear-drops. Thank you for the excellent history lesson. Wow Wow Wow! Read all about it and the great details in … The Mythbusters page on Discovery only had bits of the episode and not the full show. “Der KDF Wagen” is huge!! Your email address will not be published. Jaray only addressed the aerodynamics, not the complete vehicle like Rumpler had. Either of these values put the “pillbug” at or near the top of the list of the most aerodynamic concept cars ever built, like the Ford Probe V of 1985, with a Cd of .137. It also explains the journey of cars from its initial phases to modern supercars and how aerodynamics … That was too much of  a break for the symbolism still engendered in the remnants of the classic car prow. Agreed- this is great stuff! The unintended result tended to be a very directionally unstable vehicle. Yes, I think they do, absolutely. The Rumpler was relatively very aerodynamic, but it was also quite tall and boxy, which resulted in the one hundred or so production cars being used primarily as taxis. The La Jamais Contente (The Never Satisfied) was the first automobile to break the 100kmh (62 mph) record, in 1899. It become a formula, resulting in look-alike cars. It had a mid-engined W6 engine, and four wheel independent suspension using swing axles which Rumpler patented. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. The breakthrough aerodynamic passenger car was the German Rumpler “Tropfenwagen” (teardrop car) of 1921. The pictures bring it to life, and I appreciate your efforts here (as well as in other fine series I’ve seen here since discovering the site). You missed the most aerodynamic 4 wheeled passenger car ever, the 1938 Schlörwagen “Pillbug”: With its .22 Cd and significantly reduced frontal area, it's no wonder this … As far as I can tell, there is no link to Article 3 from Article 2. I think I also saw one at the 2002 International Citroen Rally which took place in Amherst, Massachusetts that year. It is a sub-field of fluid and gas dynamics, and the term "aerodynamics" is often used when referring to fluid dynamics You can either make cars the proper size, or you can use midgets as occupants. Its main goals are reducing drag and wind noise, minimizing noise emission, and preventing undesired lift forces and other causes of aerodynamic instability at high speeds. An essentially pragmatic approach, the Airflow also kept the traditional Body On Frame (BOF) front-engine RWD standard, but made some significant advances in terms vehicle design by pushing the engine further forward over the front wheels. We’ve finally arrived at the place where highly aerodynamic cars are mainstream, but getting there was not without considerable turbulence. It was a race car and based on the Rumpler. Absent from this Early Aero Era was any real understanding of lift forces. Early “aerodynamic” cars tended to utilize “teardrop” form and rear engine configuration. 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